The reproductive effects of beta interferon therapy for multiple sclerosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Beta interferons, are produced by fibroblasts and are used in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). Animal studies and human case reports have suggested that interferons are unlikely to be teratogenic. Objective of this study is to determine whether interferon therapy during human pregnancy increases reproductive risks in women with MS. Methods This prospective, observational, cohort study consists of three groups of women: an exposed group, a disease matched unexposed group, and a healthy comparative group. Subjects were selected by contacting the Motherisk Program regarding maternal beta interferon or Copaxone® exposure during pregnancy, from 1997 and 2004. After delivery all of the women were re-contacted for a follow-up interview regarding maternal health, pregnancy outcome, and neonatal health. Results The study group (n=16, pregnancy outcome 23) were exposed to interferon beta at doses ranging from 25–132 mcg/week There was a decrease in mean birth weight in the exposed group (3.2± 0.42 kg) as compare to controls (3.5± 0.5, 3.8 ±0.4, P=0.003). There were 9 spontaneous abortions and one fetal death in exposed group, yielding significantly higher rate of pregnancy loss (P=0.03). There were 2 major malformations (abnormality in the X chromosome, Down's Syndrome) among exposed fetuses. Conclusions Beta interferon therapy in first trimester of pregnancy appears to be associated with an increase risk for miscarriages. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, P29–P29; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.12.004
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".