Global distribution of TEM-1 and ROB-1 β-lactamases in Haemophilus influenzae
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To determine the global distribution of TEM-1 and ROB-1 beta-lactamases in Haemophilus influenzae isolated from patients with community-acquired respiratory tract infection during the first 4 years of the PROTEKT study (1999-2003). To investigate the activities of commonly used antibiotics against these isolates. METHODS: For 14 870 H. influenzae, MIC testing was performed using NCCLS broth microdilution methodology. For 2225 beta-lactamase-positive (BLP) H. influenzae, TEM-1 and ROB-1 genes were detected using a Taqman PCR method. RESULTS: beta-Lactamase positivity was 15.0% overall but varied greatly by country (<5% in several countries to 67.9% in Taiwan). Prevalences of TEM-1 and ROB-1 BLP H. influenzae were 93.7% and 4.6%, respectively, however almost all ROB-1 isolates were found in Canada, the USA and Mexico. ROB-1 isolates (n = 102) were less susceptible against cefaclor (29.4% versus 87.6%) and cefprozil (42.2% versus 91.9%) than TEM-1 (n = 2085) isolates. Differences in susceptibility rates for chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole and tetracycline were also found between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The ROB-1 beta-lactamase was found almost exclusively in North America and was more active against cefaclor and cefprozil than the TEM-1 beta-lactamase.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".