Influence of Soil Texture on Rate-Limited Micellar Solubilization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Observations from 1D soil column experiments are used to explore the factors influencing surfactant-enhanced solubilization of entrapped non-aqueous-phase liquids in sandy porous media. These experiments were designed to quantify the influence of porous medium properties and flow system parameters on the rate of contaminant removal. A 1% flushing solution of polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Witconol 2722) was employed to recover residual phase decane from a range of Ottawa sands. Deviations from local equilibrium conditions were observed in all experiments. For solution phase Darcy velocities ranging from 0.83 to 8.3 cm/h, maximum column effluent concentration levels were consistently <55% of the batch-measured equilibrium value. Column data were used to develop an empirical modified Sherwood correlation for the prediction of initial, pseudo steady-state, solubilization rates assuming a linear driving force mass transfer expression. This correlation incorporates the Reynolds number, the mean grain size, and the sand uniformity index. The adequacy of this correlation for the prediction of initial steady-state solubilization rates in other sandy media is demonstrated for a natural aquifer material. Results of this study suggest a similar dependence of mass transfer rates on system hydrodynamics and soil properties for both micellar solubilization and dissolution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".