Does hemochromatosis predispose to celiac disease? A study of 29,096 celiac disease patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Case reports suggest an association between hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) and celiac disease (CD), but estimates of association are lacking. We estimated the association between HH and CD in a population-based study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Case-control study. We identified 29,096 individuals with biopsy-verified CD (equal to villous atrophy, Marsh stage III) through biopsy reports from all 28 pathology departments in Sweden. We then investigated the risk of a clinical diagnosis of HH in CD and in 144,522 controls matched for age, sex, county and calendar year. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for CD in patients with HH. RESULTS: HH was seen in 30 patients with CD and in 60 matched controls. HH was hence associated with an increased risk of CD (OR = 2.30; 95% CI = 1.53-3.45). Restricting HH to individuals with at least two records of HH, the OR for CD was 2.54 (95% CI = 1.57-4.11), with a similar risk estimate when we only looked at HH diagnosed before CD (and matched date in controls) (OR = 2.64; 95% CI = 1.24-5.60). CONCLUSION: HH seems to be associated with an increased risk of CD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".