Time course and mechanisms of adaptations in cardiorespiratory fitness with endurance training in older and young men
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The time-course and mechanisms of adaptation of cardiorespiratory fitness were examined in 8 older (O) (68 +/- 7 yr old) and 8 young (Y) (23 +/- 5 yr old) men pretraining and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 wk of training. Training was performed on a cycle ergometer three times per week for 45 min at approximately 70% of maximal oxygen uptake (Vo(2 max)). Vo(2 max) increased within 3 wk with further increases observed posttraining in both O (+31%) and Y (+18%), (P < 0.05). Maximal cardiac output (Q(max), open-circuit acetylene) and stroke volume were higher in O and Y after 3 wk with further increases after 9 wk of training (P < 0.05). Maximal arterial-venous oxygen difference (a-vO(2 diff)) was higher at weeks 3 and 6 and posttraining compared with pretraining in O and Y (P < 0.05). In O, approximately 69% of the increase in Vo(2 max) from pre- to posttraining was explained by an increased Q(max) with the remaining approximately 31% explained by a widened a-vO(2 diff). This proportion of Q and a-vO(2 diff) contributions to the increase in Vo(2 max) was consistent throughout testing in O. In Y, 56% of the pre- to posttraining increase in Vo(2 max) was attributed to a greater Q(max) and 44% to a widened a-vO(2 diff). Early adaptations (first 3 wk) mainly relied on a widened maximal a-vO(2 diff) (approximately 66%) whereas further increases in Vo(2 max) were exclusively explained by a greater Q(max). In conclusion, with short-term training O and Y significantly increased their Vo(2 max); however, the proportion of Vo(2 max) increase explained by Q(max) and maximal a-vO(2 diff) throughout training showed a different pattern by age group.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it