A 32/16-Gb/s Dual-Mode Pulsewidth Modulation Pre-Emphasis (PWM-PE) Transmitter With 30-dB Loss Compensation Using a High-Speed CML Design Methodology
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pulse-width modulation pre-emphasis (PWM-PE) is a relatively new technique for compensating severe losses in wireline channels by varying the duty cycle of the transmitted pulse. The technique has been demonstrated upto 5 Gb/s and requires high-speed digital logic to accomodate narrow pulses in the transmitted bit stream. This work targets data rates beyond 10 Gb/s and extends PWM-PE to 4-PAM signals in addition to binary mode transmission. The target speed is achieved by designing the transmitter using current mode logic (CML) blocks that combine relatively large logic swings and incomplete switching of the tail current. Implemented in a 0.13-¿m CMOS process to accommodate the wide output swing of 1.2 Vpp per side, the transmitter compensates upto 30 dB loss at one-half the symbol rate and operates up to 16 Gsymbols/s.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".