Bibliographic record
Abstract
Previous research supports the position that more research is needed for understanding the dynamics of co-offending and the promise this will have for effective prevention, policing, rehabilitative and reintegration measures.Previous research also acknowledges that the majority of research has concentrated on youth co-offending.Adult co-offending does plays a significant part in crime and requires further analysis.This exploratory study begins by examining the incidence and importance companions play in criminal behavior and follows with several theoretical positions.Group delinquency is examined generally.Special attention is devoted to leadership in co-offending.Accordingly, leadership measures &om the organizational and social-psychological fields are outlined and twenty empirical studies that measure leadership directly or those that attest measures of leadership are provided.Meta-analysis of these previous studies is conducted to determine what is "known" about leadership in co-offending.Ultimately, it was discovered that studies examining leadership in co-offending are limited by definitional ambiguities in terms of defining co-offending and leadership.Many studies involve low base rates of either participants or case studies and the units of analysis are unclear as to whether those under study consist of dyads, triads or larger units of co-offenders.In addition, the extant literature has focused on specific crimes (i.e.robbery and sexual offences), participants have been largely under the age of 30 years and the methods of data gathering have been limited by focusing on only one of the offenders in the co-offending unit.The implications of these findings are discussed.In light of these findings, an additional statement as to the potential for fbture research on leadership in co-offending and recommendations to policy within the Correctional Service of Canada are offered.' Albert Reiss first coined the term "co-offending."For the purpose of this thesis, his definitions will be applied.A co-offender is a person who commits a criminal offence with another and co-offending then is the actual act of committing an offence (Reiss, 1986).A greater discussion of the term cooffending can be found in chapter 2. On appeal, Mr. Kennedy received two years less a day with a one-year period of probation to follow.The 15-year-old young offender (J.G.F) had originally received three months open custody concurrent to two years of probation.On appeal, J.D.F. received 12 months open custody followed with one year of probation (R v. Kennedy, 1999).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".