The Effect of Dairy Product Ingestion on Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Related Diarrhea in a Sample of Predominantly Gay Men
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era, chronic diarrhea remains common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) illness. Empirical lactose avoidance is often advised despite lack of evidence of benefit in a population at risk for osteopenia and malnutrition. METHODS: The a priori hypothesis was that moderate lactose ingestion would not worsen diarrhea in this population. We used a double-blind, noninferiority, randomized crossover trial in a community setting of primary and tertiary care HIV clinics. The participants all had chronic diarrhea and were a volunteer sample of 49 predominantly white HIV-infected men who have sex with men. They ingested 240 mL of low-fat milk (12 g of lactose) and lactose-free milk during 2 separate study periods. The primary outcome was mean difference in stool weight between the 2 study periods in the 8 hours after milk ingestion. Lactose was judged not to worsen diarrhea if this difference did not exceed 167 g in 8 hours with 95% certainty. RESULTS: Forty-eight (98%) of 49 participants were male. Median age, CD4 cell count, and viral load were 42 years (range, 20-62 years), 390 cells/mL (range, 20-1100 cells/mL), and 112 copies/mL (range, <50 to >500,000 copies/mL), respectively. Thirty-nine participants (80%) were taking HAART medication. Ten participants (20%) were lactase deficient. The mean difference in stool weight between the 2 study periods was -41.3 g/8 h (upper 95% confidence limit, -13.5 g) for the entire group and +11.3 g/8 h (upper 95% confidence limit, +47.4 g) for the lactase-deficient group. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate lactose ingestion does not worsen diarrhea in HIV-infected persons with chronic diarrhea, regardless of lactase status. Therefore, avoidance of modest quantities of milk may not be justified in this population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".