Some Physiological and Ethological Effects of Nicotine; Studies on the Ant Myrmica sabuleti as a Biological Model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nicotine is one of the most consumed alkaloids. Its effects still lead to mixed conclusions. Having recently observed that ants could be used as biological models, we examined several physiological and ethological effects of nicotine using the ant Myrmica sabuleti as a biological model. We pointed out that nicotine increases the individuals’ locomotion, decreases the precision of their reaction, decreases their response to pheromones, does not impact their audacity, and reduces their food consumption. Nicotine largely decreases the individuals’ learning abilities when the reward does not contain this alkaloid but increases the rapidness of acquiring visual as well as olfactory conditioning when the reward contains nicotine. In the latter case, the final conditioning score is only very slightly higher than the control score, and there is no memorization. Under nicotine consumption, ants’ cognitive abilities seem of better quality, the ants in fact acting more rapidly. There is no habituation to nicotine consumption. No dependence on this alkaloid exists, as long as the individuals feel well, but dependence appears as soon as the individuals need something, are deprived of something. After nicotine consumption ends, a first slow, than a short rather quick, and finally again a slow decrease of its effects occurs. As for other alkaloids, no dependence is associated to no habituation and to rather slow vanishing of the effects. However, since the effects of nicotine quickly vanish during a short time, dependence might develop if the individual then encounters any problem or need. All the effects, here revealed using ants as biological models, are in agreement with those actually known for nicotine. Some effects could even be better defined, i.e. the impact on cognition, the occurrence of dependence. The present work brings so some new information about this important alkaloid and shows, once more, that ants could be used as biological models, for a first, not expensive step of a more general, biological or medical study.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".