New solar axion search using the CERN Axion Solar Telescope with<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mrow><mml:mi>He</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mprescripts/><mml:none/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:mrow></mml:math>filling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The CERN Axion Solar Telescope (CAST) searches for $a\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ conversion in the 9 T magnetic field of a refurbished LHC test magnet that can be directed toward the Sun. Two parallel magnet bores can be filled with helium of adjustable pressure to match the x-ray refractive mass ${m}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ to the axion search mass ${m}_{a}$. After the vacuum phase (2003--2004), which is optimal for ${m}_{a}\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.02\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$, we used $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ in 2005--2007 to cover the mass range of 0.02--0.39 eV and $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ in 2009--2011 to scan from 0.39 to 1.17 eV. After improving the detectors and shielding, we returned to $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ in 2012 to investigate a narrow ${m}_{a}$ range around 0.2 eV (``candidate setting'' of our earlier search) and 0.39--0.42 eV, the upper axion mass range reachable with $^{4}\mathrm{He}$, to ``cross the axion line'' for the KSVZ model. We have improved the limit on the axion-photon coupling to ${g}_{a\ensuremath{\gamma}}<1.47\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{GeV}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ (95% C.L.), depending on the pressure settings. Since 2013, we have returned to the vacuum and aim for a significant increase in sensitivity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".