New solar axion search using the CERN Axion Solar Telescope with<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mrow><mml:mi>He</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mprescripts/><mml:none/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:mrow></mml:math>filling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The CERN Axion Solar Telescope (CAST) searches for $a\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ conversion in the 9 T magnetic field of a refurbished LHC test magnet that can be directed toward the Sun. Two parallel magnet bores can be filled with helium of adjustable pressure to match the x-ray refractive mass ${m}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ to the axion search mass ${m}_{a}$. After the vacuum phase (2003--2004), which is optimal for ${m}_{a}\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.02\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$, we used $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ in 2005--2007 to cover the mass range of 0.02--0.39 eV and $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ in 2009--2011 to scan from 0.39 to 1.17 eV. After improving the detectors and shielding, we returned to $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ in 2012 to investigate a narrow ${m}_{a}$ range around 0.2 eV (``candidate setting'' of our earlier search) and 0.39--0.42 eV, the upper axion mass range reachable with $^{4}\mathrm{He}$, to ``cross the axion line'' for the KSVZ model. We have improved the limit on the axion-photon coupling to ${g}_{a\ensuremath{\gamma}}<1.47\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{GeV}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ (95% C.L.), depending on the pressure settings. Since 2013, we have returned to the vacuum and aim for a significant increase in sensitivity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.075 | 0.021 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".