Pain sensitization and degenerative changes are associated with aberrant plantar loading in patients with painful knee osteoarthritis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: This study focused on the biomechanical implications of knee osteoarthritis (OA) and the association with pain. The plantar loading force distribution of the foot was determined and correlated to degenerative knee changes, function, pain intensity, and pain sensitization. METHOD: Knee OA patients (n = 34) with moderate and mild knee pain were characterized and compared to matched controls (n = 16). The Plantar Foot Posture Index (FPI) and mean maximum plantar forces were determined by pressure-sensitive insoles. Pain intensity and function were assessed by the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) and the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI). Local knee pain sensitization was assessed by pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) from eight knee locations. Spreading sensitization was assessed by PPTs from two extra-segmental test sites. Temporal summation to repeated pressure stimulation (knee and extra-segmental stimulation) and conditioning pain modulation (CPM) were assessed, representing central pain mechanisms. RESULTS: The maximum force (MF) applied by the medial forefoot correlated to knee PPTs (r = 0.524, p < 0.001), CPM potency (r = 0.532, p < 0.001), and BPI (r = -0.325, p < 0.05) and WOMAC scores (pain r = -0.425, p < 0.01; stiffness r = -0.386, p < 0.01; function r = -0.378, p < 0.05). The MF applied by the medial hindfoot correlated negatively to scores on the FPI (r = -0.394, p < 0.01) and the Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) grading scale (r = -0.330, p < 0.05). The MF applied by the medial forefoot correlated to extra-segmental PPTs (r = 0.554, p < 0.001) and the potency of CPM (r = 0.561, p < 0.0001). The MF applied by the lateral hindfoot correlated negatively to the PPT assessed extra-segmentally (r = -0.367, p < 0.05) and positively to CPM potency (r = 0.322, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that mean maximum plantar foot force distribution in patients with painful knee OA is associated with specific pain mechanisms, function, radiological findings, and pain intensity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".