A Correlation of Water and Gas-Oil Relative Permeability Properties for Various Western Canadian Sandstone and Carbonate Oil Producing Formations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Water-oil and gas-oil relative permeability is a dominant factor controlling the multiphase flow of immiscible oil, water and gas phases in sandstone or carbonate porous media, and strongly effect the ultimate economics of all production or injection operations to recover oil and associated solution/free gas. This paper describes a correlation study conducted on over 60 different sandstone and carbonate producing formations/samples from various locations in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) to attempt to draw correlations between relative permeability and various parameters such as wettability, formation permeability and porosity, in-situ oil viscosity, etc. Many classical trends were observed for water displacements, but also previously unknown correlations of relative permeability for gas-oil systems are presented, providing a valuable dataset for the overall evaluation of the range of wetting and relative permeability properties encountered in typical WCSB producing oil formations. Introduction Relative permeability is arguably the strongest controlling factor in determining the motion of immiscible oil, water and gas phases in porous media. Although relative permeability is simply an experimentally determined adjustment coefficient that accounts for the very complex interfering effects associated with the immiscible flow of different phases in porous media, the configuration and shape of the relative permeability curves encompass all reservoir flow parameters and are impacted by variables such as 1–18:Pore system geometry/mineralogyPermeability/porosityFormation wettabilityFluid viscosity and interfacial tensionAdvance/displacement rateConfining overburden pressurePresence of trapped/immobile phases Since relative permeability is such a strong controlling factor in determining reservoir performance, accurate determination of water-oil and gas-oil relative permeability character for a formation matrix is essential for accurate prediction and optimization purposes. Although a variety of correlations to 'predict' relative permeability are available, considerable variance can be present in the predicted results, and experimental measurements still provide the most accurate method of determination. This paper does not concentrate on relative permeability measurement methods in the laboratory, other than to state that the importance of proper duplication of downhole conditions during the measurement is essential so that the correct wettability, initial water, oil or gas saturation conditions, viscosity ratio, interfacial tension ratio, density and advance rate can be duplicated to match actual reservoir conditions. It has been demonstrated that using non-reservoir core, fluids or conditions can substantially impact the quality of the measured relative permeability data, making it highly misleading in many situations. RELATIVE PERMEABILITY DATABASE Table 1 provides the relative permeability database used in this work. This data was collected from over 60 different reservoir/sample locations in the WCSB over the last five years by the authors. This encompasses a variety of typical producing formation including:Low, medium and high permeability consolidated and unconsolidated sandstone formations.Low, medium and high permeability limestone and dolomite producing formations (both intercrystalline and vugular - no fractured formations or cores were tested in this work).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".