Submillimeter observations of IRAS and WISE debris disk candidates
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A set of six debris disk candidates identified with IRAS or WISE excesses were observed at either 350 μm or 450 μm with the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory. Five of the targets – HIP 51658, HIP 68160, HIP 73512, HIP 76375, and HIP 112460 – have among the largest measured excess emission from cold dust from IRAS in the 25–100 μm bands. Single temperature blackbody fits to the excess dust emission of these sources predict 350–450 μm fluxes above 240 mJy. The final target – HIP 73165 – exhibits weak excess emission above the stellar photosphere from WISE measurements at 22 μm, indicative of a population of warm circumstellar dust. None of the six targets were detected, with 3σ upper limits ranging from 51–239 mJy. These limits are significantly below the expected fluxes from SED fitting. Two potential causes of the null detections were explored – companion stars and contamination. To investigate the possible influence of companion stars, imaging data were analyzed from new adaptive optics data from the ARIES instrument on the 6.5 m MMT and archival HST, Gemini NIRI, and POSS/2MASS data. The images are sensitive to all stellar companions beyond a radius of 1–94 AU, with the inner limit depending on the distance and brightness of each target. One target is identified as a binary system, but with a separation too large to impact the disk. While the gravitational effects of a companion do not appear to provide an explanation for the submm upper limits, the majority of the IRAS excess targets show evidence for contaminating sources, based on investigation of higher resolution WISE and archival Spitzer and Herschel images. Finally, the exploratory submm measurements of the WISE excess source suggest that the hot dust present around these targets is not matched by a comparable population of colder, outer dust. More extensive and more sensitive Herschel observations of WISE excess sources will build upon this initial example to further define the characteristics of warm debris disks sources.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".