Characterizing myocardial edema and hemorrhage using T2, T2*, and diastolic wall thickness post acute myocardial infarction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Our goal was to demonstrate myocardial edema using T2 spiral and diastolic wall thickness (DWT) and myocardial hemorrhage using T2* in patients post acute myocardial infarction (AMI) at 2 early time intervals. Enhanced T2, often identified with area at risk (AAR), combined with consideration of T2* and DWT may facilitate interpretation of potentially complex patterns of myocardial damage and tissue response infarction zones. Patients were enrolled post AMI (creatine kinase >500 IU/L) and underwent CMR on a GE Signa Excite, 1.5 T scanner with a 8-channel receive coil at 48 hours and 3 weeks post MI. T2 maps were computed from a previously validated cardiac-gated spiral imaging sequence with T2 preparations yielding TEs = 2.9, 24.3, 88.2, 184.2 ms to assess myocardial edema. The T2* sequence was a multiecho acquisition with 8 echoes (between 1.4 and 12.7 ms) acquired at TR = 14.6 ms. T2-weighted imaging using a breath-hold triple IR fast spin echo sequence and delayed hyperenhancement (DHE) were also performed. Seven patients (mean age: 54.5 years; 6 males, 1 female; 5 right coronary artery and 2 left circumflex artery percutaneous coronary interventions) have been enrolled. At 48 hours, both the mean T2 (54.4 ms vs 40.6 ms; p < 0.01) and mean DWT (7.9 mm vs 6.4 mm; p = 0.01) were significantly higher in the infarcted segment (IS) compared to a remote segment (RS). Figure 1 demonstrates the evolution of T2 and T2* behavior over time. At 48 hours, panel-a demonstrates a modestly increased T2 of 51 ms in the IS suggesting myocardial edema, relative to RS with a T2 of 40 ms. However, there is also evidence of myocardial hemorrhage on T2*-weighted images (panel-b, arrow) along with microvascular obstruction on DHE (panel-c). The difference in DWT between IS and RS was 3.3 mm. At 3 weeks, the T2 in the IS increased to 58 ms compared to a RS T2 of 40 ms (panel-d). At this time, there is evidence of less hemorrhage on T2*-weighted images (panel-e, arrow), a reduced area of microvascular obstruction on DHE (panel-f) and a reduced difference in DWT of 0.7 mm between IS and RS, Figure 1 . Figure 1 Assessing the presence and evolution of edema and myocardial hemorrhage early post AMI demonstrates distinct patterns. If myocardial hemorrhage is present, then early scans are affected by the competing effects of T2*, counteracting an increased T2 signal. This may be important in accurately quantifying AAR and identifying those patients most likely to suffer deleterious left ventricular remodeling.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".