Exploration of Association of 1,25-OH2D3 with Augmentation Index, a Composite Measure of Arterial Stiffness
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Abnormalities in mineral metabolism [calcium, phosphate, and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH)] and vitamin D have been linked to increases in central arterial stiffness. Central arterial stiffness can be measured using noninvasive technologies, including augmentation index (AIx), a composite measure of arterial stiffness. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND MEASUREMENTS: In 131 outpatients identified from individual cardiac or kidney disease clinics, we examined conventional demographic and laboratory risk factors, vitamin D levels (1,25-OH2D3 and 25-OHD3), and markers of inflammation or endothelial function [C-reactive peptide (hsCRP), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), and IL-6] in relationship to AIx. RESULTS: The median eGFR was significantly different between clinics (range 25-81 ml/min). Subjects with higher phosphate or MMP-9 levels were found to have a higher AIx (P = 0.02 and 0.07, respectively). Lower 1,25-OH2D3 levels or reduced eGFR were associated with higher AIx (P = 0.002 and 0.005, respectively). The associations between 1,25-OH2D3 and phosphate levels and AIx were observed for values within the normal range. No association was noted for calcium, iPTH, 25-OHD3, or hsCRP and AIx. Adjusting for potential confounders [eGFR, calcium, phosphate, and (log) iPTH] the association of lower 1,25-OH2D3 with AIx remained statistically significant. CONCLUSION: This exploratory study demonstrates a significant association between AIx and 1,25-OH2D3 in a diverse group with cardiac, kidney disease, or both. These increasing understanding of the role of vitamin D in vascular health lends a context to these findings and raises questions as to additional modifiable risk factors in complex patients. Further studies are required.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".