Exploration of Association of 1,25-OH2D3 with Augmentation Index, a Composite Measure of Arterial Stiffness
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Abnormalities in mineral metabolism [calcium, phosphate, and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH)] and vitamin D have been linked to increases in central arterial stiffness. Central arterial stiffness can be measured using noninvasive technologies, including augmentation index (AIx), a composite measure of arterial stiffness. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND MEASUREMENTS: In 131 outpatients identified from individual cardiac or kidney disease clinics, we examined conventional demographic and laboratory risk factors, vitamin D levels (1,25-OH2D3 and 25-OHD3), and markers of inflammation or endothelial function [C-reactive peptide (hsCRP), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), and IL-6] in relationship to AIx. RESULTS: The median eGFR was significantly different between clinics (range 25-81 ml/min). Subjects with higher phosphate or MMP-9 levels were found to have a higher AIx (P = 0.02 and 0.07, respectively). Lower 1,25-OH2D3 levels or reduced eGFR were associated with higher AIx (P = 0.002 and 0.005, respectively). The associations between 1,25-OH2D3 and phosphate levels and AIx were observed for values within the normal range. No association was noted for calcium, iPTH, 25-OHD3, or hsCRP and AIx. Adjusting for potential confounders [eGFR, calcium, phosphate, and (log) iPTH] the association of lower 1,25-OH2D3 with AIx remained statistically significant. CONCLUSION: This exploratory study demonstrates a significant association between AIx and 1,25-OH2D3 in a diverse group with cardiac, kidney disease, or both. These increasing understanding of the role of vitamin D in vascular health lends a context to these findings and raises questions as to additional modifiable risk factors in complex patients. Further studies are required.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".