Cadmium induces reactive oxygen species-dependent apoptosis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line
Bibliographic record
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Although low concentrations of cadmium exposure may enhance growth of human cultured cells, high and long term of this heavy metal leads to cell death through apoptosis or necrosis. This study was conducted to define the underlying biochemical mechanism of Cd-induced cell death in MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line. METHODS: The MCF-7 breast cancer cells were treated with different concentrations of CdCl2 and cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay. A propidium iodide (PI) and annexin-V staining flow cytometric method was used for apoptosis detection. Hoechst 33342 staining was used to observe the morphological changes of cell apoptosis. The cellular DNA was isolated using DNA kit extraction and analyzed electrophoretically. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were quantified using the fluorescent dye (DCFH-DA). RESULTS: A progressive loss in cell viability and an increased number of apoptotic cells were observed upon 48 h exposure to CdCl2. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) administration reversed the cadmium cytotoxicity effects and protected cells from apoptotic death. Simultaneously, significant elevations of ROS levels were revealed in a dose-dependent manner during the exposure. Typical morphological changes of apoptosis were observed with Hoechst staining after cadmium treatment. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that during the apoptosis mediated by cadmium chloride, ROS production and oxidative damage may be an initiating event and responsible for the mechanism of MCF-7 human breast cell death.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".