Enantiospecific pharmacokinetics of isoxanthohumol and its metabolite 8‐prenylnaringenin in the rat
Bibliographic record
Abstract
SCOPE: Isoxanthohumol (IX) is a bioactive dietary prenylflavanone found in hops (Humulus lupulus L.), beer and nutraceuticals. IX is formed in vivo by xanthohumol and is a prodrug of 8-prenylnaringenin (8PN). IX and 8PN chirality has largely been ignored in the literature due to lack of enantiospecific bioanalytical methods. No single dose pharmacokinetic study of IX exists in the literature for any species. This study elucidates the enantiospecific pharmacokinetics of IX in rats and monitors the appearance of 8PN following intravenous and oral administration of ±IX. METHODS AND RESULTS: After intravenous (10 mg/kg) or oral (100 mg/kg) administration of ±IX to rats, serum, and urine were collected for 120 h and analyzed for IX and 8PN. Both were found as aglycones and glucuronide conjugates and displayed multiple peaking in serum suggestive of enterohepatic recycling. IX is primarily excreted through nonrenal routes. S-8PN was found excreted in the urine in greater amounts than R-8PN. Bioavailability was determined to be ∼4-5% for IX. CONCLUSION: Further enantiospecific pharmacokinetics of IX, subsequent 8PN and other metabolites are warranted along with continued enantiospecific bioactivity studies, especially in relation to gut microbial metabolism of IX and subsequent formation of 8PN.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".