Cardiovascular Risk among Stable Individuals Suspected of Having Coronary Artery Disease with No Modifiable Risk Factors: Results from an International Multicenter Study of 5262 Patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: To assess the prevalence, extent, severity, and risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients suspected of having CAD but with no medically modifiable risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approval or waiver of consent was obtained at each center. This study was HIPAA compliant. From an international multicenter cohort study of 27 125 subjects undergoing coronary computed tomographic (CT) angiography from 12 centers, 5262 patients without known CAD and without modifiable risk factors were identified. CAD severity was defined as none (0%), mild (1%-49%), or obstructive (≥ 50%) on a per-patient, per-vessel, and per-segment basis. CAD presence, extent, and severity were related to incidence of major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) by using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: At a mean follow-up of 2.3 years ± 1.2 (standard deviation), MACE occurred in 106 patients. CAD was common for nonobstructive (n = 1452, 27%) and obstructive (n = 629, 12%) CAD. In risk-adjusted analysis, per-patient obstructive CAD (hazard ratio [HR], 6.64; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.68, 12.00; P ≤ .001) was related to MACE. MACE was associated with a dose-response relationship to the number of vessels exhibiting obstructive CAD, increasing risk for obstructive one-vessel (HR, 6.11; 95% CI: 3.22, 11.6; P ≤ .001), two-vessel (HR, 5.86; 95% CI: 2.75, 12.5; P ≤ .0001), or three-vessel or left main (HR, 11.69; 95% CI: 5.38, 25.4; P ≤ .001) CAD. The increased hazard for MACE of obstructive disease holds true for symptomatic (HR, 11.9; 95% CI: 4.81, 29.6; P ≤ .001) and asymptomatic (HR, 6.3; 95% CI: 2.4, 16.7; P ≤ .001) patients. No CAD at coronary CT angiography was associated with a low annualized MACE rate: 0.31% versus 2.06% with obstructive disease. CONCLUSION: Among individuals suspected of having CAD but without modifiable risk factors, CAD is common, with significantly increased hazards for MACE and mortality.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".