Alterations of the erythrocyte membrane proteome and cytoskeleton network during storage – a possible tool to identify autologous blood transfusion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mature red blood cells (RBCs) are the end-stage of a development process that starts in the bone marrow and continues to differentiate, through reticulocyte stage, entering into the circulation with a four-month lifespan. While stored, RBCs undergo different changes. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes occurring in RBC membranes during storage that could be used as possible markers to detect the misuse of blood transfusion in sports. Whole blood was collected from two volunteers in blood bags and stored for 42 days at 4°C. At different times (1, 7, 21, and 42 days of storage) whole blood was extracted under sterile conditions and submitted to RBC membrane ghost preparation and further analysis. Proteomic methods were applied using two strategies: protein oriented using 2-DE gels and peptide oriented using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ). In both approaches, the goal was to compare detectable changes in RBC membrane proteome before and after standard storage at different times. Some of the changes were confirmed with both methodologies employed, while with others only with one of them. Complementarities of the methods in this case showed to be an advantage. Changes were observed in two different protein complexes. In one of them, changes consisted of proteins decreasing, while increasing in the other during storage of RBCs. They are mostly located in cytoskeleton--spectrin β, band 4.2, ankyrin-1, tropomodulin-1, β adducin, band 4.9 (dematin), tropomyosin, while some changes were also observed in transmembrane proteins (glycophorin C, aquaporin-1, band 3).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".