OROS methylphenidate for the treatment of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common behavioral disorders in childhood. It continues into adulthood in up to 65% of patients. Methylphenidate (MPH) is one of the most commonly used pharmacological treatments for ADHD. The osmotic-release oral system (OROS) formulation of MPH is an extended-release pharmaceutical form that delivers MPH in a controlled manner over a 12-h period, allowing management of symptoms for a full day. OROS-MPH has many advantages over immediate-release MPH, such as avoiding clinical rebound, being easy to take, increasing treatment adherence and reducing the risk of abuse. OROS-MPH has been approved in the USA and Europe for the treatment of ADHD in children, but it has only been approved for the treatment of adults in the USA and Canada. This review summarizes evidence from various clinical studies assessing the efficacy and safety of OROS-MPH in different clinical samples of adults with ADHD, including samples with the most common comorbidities found in ADHD patients. The studies are classified according to their design characteristics as randomized, controlled trials or open trials. Data on dosing, treatment adherence and other clinical parameters relevant for the use of OROS-MPH in adults with ADHD are also reported and discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".