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Record W2167556014 · doi:10.1090/s0025-5718-02-01479-5

The twenty-fourth Fermat number is composite

2002· article· en· W2167556014 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueMathematics of Computation · 2002
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicCryptography and Residue Arithmetic
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersReed CollegeDivision of Mathematical SciencesUniversity of Southern MississippiUniversity of GeorgiaCase Western Reserve UniversityDalhousie UniversityNorthern Illinois UniversityMicrosoft Research
KeywordsMathematicsPrimality testModuloFast Fourier transformPiecewiseFermat numberArithmeticDiscrete mathematicsAlgorithmComposite numberFermat's Last TheoremCombinatoricsPrime numberMathematical analysis

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

We have shown by machine proof that <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper F 24 equals 2 Superscript 2 Super Superscript 24 Baseline plus 1"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>F</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mn>24</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mn>24</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">F_{24} = 2^{2^{24}} + 1</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> is composite. The rigorous Pépin primality test was performed using independently developed programs running simultaneously on two different, physically separated processors. Each program employed a floating-point, FFT-based discrete weighted transform (DWT) to effect multiplication modulo <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper F 24"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>F</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mn>24</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">F_{24}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> . The final, respective Pépin residues obtained by these two machines were in complete agreement. Using intermediate residues stored periodically during one of the floating-point runs, a separate algorithm for pure-integer negacyclic convolution verified the result in a “wavefront” paradigm, by running simultaneously on numerous additional machines, to effect piecewise verification of a saturating set of deterministic links for the Pépin chain. We deposited a final Pépin residue for possible use by future investigators in the event that a proper factor of <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper F 24"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>F</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mn>24</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">F_{24}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> should be discovered; herein we report the more compact, traditional Selfridge-Hurwitz residues. For the sake of completeness, we also generated a Pépin residue for <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper F 23"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>F</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mn>23</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">F_{23}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> , and via the Suyama test determined that the known cofactor of this number is composite.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Methods · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.866
Threshold uncertainty score0.282

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.016
GPT teacher head0.246
Teacher spread0.230 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it