Mastoparan Rapidly Activates Plant MAP Kinase Signaling Independent of Heterotrimeric G Proteins
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
It has long been known that mastoparan (MP), a cationic, amphiphilic tetradecapeptide isolated from wasp venom, is capable of directly stimulating the guanine nucleotide exchange reaction of the α-subunit of animal heterotrimeric G proteins via a mechanism analogous to that of G protein coupled receptors. This leads to a myriad of downstream events including the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Here, we show that MP induction of plant MAPK signaling does not require the participation of either the Gα- or Gβ-subunits of the plant heterotrimeric G proteins, but is reliant on reactive oxygen species (ROS), a cognate MAPKK, and influx of extracellular Ca2+ ions. While this does not preclude a role for a heterotrimeric G protein in MAPK signaling, it raises concern about the conclusions drawn from published experiments using MP. Gα-, Gβ-, and Gγ-homologs have been identified in Arabidopsis and other plant species (Ma et al., 1990; Gotor et al., 1996; Lee and Assmann, 1999; Saalbach, et al., 1999; Mason and Botella, 2000). In Arabidopsis, a single prototypical Gα-(Arabidopsis G PROTEIN, ALPHA SUBUNIT1 [GPA1]) and one prototypical Gβ-(Arabidopsis G PROTEIN, BETA SUBUNIT1 [AGB1]) subunit and potentially, two Gγ-subunits (Arabidopsis G PROTEIN, GAMMA SUBUNIT1 [AGG1 and AGG2]), are found. Interaction has been detected between the Arabidopsis Gγ- and Gβ-subunits (Mason and Botella, 2000; for review, see Jones, 2002), and evidence has been obtained for in vitro and in vivo interaction of GPA1 and Gβ (J.-G. Chen, J.S. Liang, and A.M. Jones, unpublished data).
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it