Oral Inoculation of Chickens with a Candidate Fowl Adenovirus 9 Vector
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) are a potential alternative to human adenovirus-based vaccine vectors. Our previous studies demonstrated that a 2.4-kb region at the left end of the FAdV-9 genome is nonessential for virus replication and is suitable for the insertion or replacement of transgenes. Our in vivo study showed that the virus FAdV-9Δ4, lacking six open reading frames (ORFs) at the left end of its genome, replicates less efficiently than wild-type FAdV-9 (wtFAdV-9) in chickens that were infected intramuscularly. However, the fecal-oral route is the natural route of FAdV infection, and the oral administration of a vaccine confers some advantages compared to administration through other routes, especially when developing an adenovirus as a vaccine vector. Therefore, we sought to investigate the effects of FAdV-9 in orally inoculated chickens. In the present study, we orally inoculated specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens with FAdV-9 and FAdV-9Δ4 and assessed virus shedding, antibody response, and viral genome copy number and cytokine gene expression in tissues. Our data showed that FAdV-9Δ4 replicated less efficiently than did wtFAdV-9, as evidenced by reduced virus shedding in feces, lower viral genome copy number in tissues, and lower antibody response, which are consistent with the results of the intramuscular route of immunization. Furthermore, we found that both wtFAdV-9 and FAdV-9Δ4 upregulated the mRNA expression of alpha interferon (IFN-α), IFN-γ, and interleukin-12 (IL-12). In addition, there was a trend toward downregulation of IL-10 gene expression caused by both viruses. These findings indicate that one or more of the six deleted ORFs contribute to modulating the host response against virus infection as well as virus replication in vivo.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".