Familial resemblance for glucose and insulin metabolism indices derived from an intravenous glucose tolerance test in Blacks and Whites of the HERITAGE Family Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), characterized by hyperglycemia, is a complex disease primarily caused by impairment in insulin sensitivity (SI) and insulin secretion. While a strong genetic component for T2DM is well established, there are few reports on racial differences in the magnitude of the genetic effects of T2DM and indices of glucose and insulin metabolism. We report here on the familial resemblance for traits related to glucose metabolism at pre-exercise training levels in 492 members from 99 sedentary White families and 259 members from 108 Black families participating in the multicenter HERITAGE Family Study. All these traits were obtained from the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). They include glucose disappearance index (Kg), an overall index for glucose tolerance, acute insulin response to glucose (AIR(Glucose)) which is an index for insulin secretion, and those derived from the minimal model including SI and the disposition index (DI). DI, derived as the product of SI and AIR(Glucose), is a measure of the activity of the B-cells adjusted for insulin resistance. After adjustment for age, sex, and body mass index, the maximal heritability estimates in Blacks (Whites) are 48+/-14% (25+/-8%) for Kg, 44+/-14% (46+/-8%) for AIR(Glucose), 38+/-12% (44+/-8%) for SI and 32+/-14% (24+/-8%) for DI. Interestingly, Blacks have higher heritability for overall glucose tolerance than Whites but there is no race difference in heritability estimates for insulin sensitivity or insulin secretion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".