Cement Formulations in the Calcium Phosphate H <sub>2</sub> O–H <sub>3</sub> PO <sub>4</sub> –H <sub>4</sub> P <sub>2</sub> O <sub>7</sub> System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Despite numerous reports of calcium phosphate cement materials, a calcium cement that sets to form a matrix consisting of a pyrophosphate phase has not been reported. The formulation of such a material from the mixture of α‐tricalcium phosphate (TCP), β‐TCP, or tetracalcium phosphate with a solution containing pyro‐ and orthophosphoric acid is reported in this study. The effects of liquid and solid compositions on the setting times, compressive strengths and phase compositions of the resultant cements were investigated. It was found that cements could be produced that set to form up to 28 wt% dicalcium pyrophosphate, which appeared by comparison with Rietveld refinement and chemical methods to be entirely amorphous in nature. The solubilities of the different solid components were shown to have a marked effect on the composition of the cements. The strongest cement formulations exhibited compressive strengths comparable with those previously reported in the literature for brushite cements and set within clinically relevant time scales. This class of cement would appear to demonstrate potential as a bone replacement material.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".