Synthesis, characterization, and immunogenicity in mice of <i>Shigella sonnei</i> O-specific oligosaccharide-core-protein conjugates
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Shigellosis, an enteric disease, is on the World Health Organization's priority prevention list. In one study, the Shigella sonnei O-specific polysaccharide (O-SP)-protein conjugate showed 72% protection against disease in Israeli army recruits exposed to high rates (8-14%) of infection. The protection was related to vaccine-induced IgG anti-O-SP levels. Synthetic oligosaccharides of Shigella dysenteriae type 1, bound by their reducing ends to a carrier protein ("sun"-type configuration), induced significantly higher antibody levels than the native O-SP bound to protein by multiple-point attachments ("lattice"-type configuration). Attempts to synthesize the S. sonnei O-SP based oligosaccharides were not successful. Here, we describe the isolation, characterization, and conjugation of low-molecular-mass O-SP-core (O-SPC) fragments. The O-SPC fragments were bound by their reducing ends similar to the preparation of the synthetic S. dysenteriae type 1 conjugates. The O-SPC conjugates used oxime linkages between the terminal Kdo residues at the reducing ends of the S. sonnei saccharides and aminooxy linkers bound to BSA or a recombinant diphtheria toxin. The coupling reaction was carried out at a neutral pH and room temperature. IgG antibody levels induced in young outbred mice by the S. sonnei O-SPC conjugates were significantly higher then those elicited by the O-SP conjugates. Accordingly, we propose to evaluate clinically these conjugates.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".