Phenotypic plasticity of habitat use by three temperate eel species, Anguilla anguilla, A. japonica and A. rostrata
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Habitat use patterns of three species of temperate eels, Anguilla anguilla, A. japonica and A. rostrata were investigated using otolith Sr:Ca life history transects. Published and unpublished data from six sites (Canada, United States, Sweden, France, Taiwan and Japan) sampled across the geographical range of each eel species were compiled. Sr:Ca patterns indicated that the three species displayed similar patterns of habitat use. In all sites, patterns of habitat use consisted of either residency in one habitat (fresh, brackish, or marine)or movements between habitats. One movement pattern consisted of either a single or two changes of habitat from fresh to brackish waters, or from brackish water to fresh water. Seasonal movements between fresh and brackish waters were observed for all three species.\nWhen only a single habitat switch event was detected, it occurred between 3 and 5 years of age. Occurrence of eels with no freshwater experience was demonstrated, but such eels accounted for a smaller proportion of the overall sample than did eels with some (even brief)\nfreshwater experience. Contrary to the common convention that these species are obligate catadromous, we must now consider them as facultative, with far more flexibility in habitat use. The most variable parameter among study sites was the relative proportion, rather than the diversity, of lifetime spent in the various habitat use patterns. Eels found at higher latitudes exhibited a greater probability of remaining in the lower reaches of watersheds in\nbrackish water. Diversity of habitat use appears to be a common strategy of temperate eel species and, as a life history tactic, is under environmental control.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".