Investigation of residual stress in a bent Ti-clad Cu bus-bar by neutron diffraction and finite element modelling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Titanium-clad copper bus-bars are used to provide corrosion resistance in high temperature electrolytic cells. When cold-formed, such components will have a complex residual stress pattern. We report the investigation of residual stress in a high conductivity Cu bus-bar clad with Grade-2 Ti by neutron diffraction and finite element modelling. Straight bars were co-extruded, air-cooled and cold-stretched. The bars were cold-bent into an inverted ‘top-hat’ shape with four 90° bends. Residual stresses were investigated at the apex of a 90° bend. Three sets of measurements were performed in each of the measurement directions (transverse, normal and axial, relative to the straight bar): one set along the centre line in Cu; one set along the edge in Cu and one set along the edge in Ti. Residual stresses were then calculated in the three directions assuming both materials are elastically isotropic. The cooling, stretching and bending processes were simulated with an explicit finite element program, while the springback was modelled with dynamic relaxation. The neutron diffraction and finite element modelling results show reasonable agreement. Both materials exhibit unbalanced profiles relating to the combination of higher yield stress in the Ti cladding, and larger cross section of the copper bar.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".