Dietary differences between phenotypes with symmetrical and asymmetrical pelvis in the stickleback <i>Gasterosteus aculeatus</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Differential parasitism among phenotypes within populations can result from intrinsic factors such as immunocompetence or extrinsic factors such as ecological overlap with pathogens. In a recent study of a population of sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from Boulton Lake, British Columbia, relative cestode infections were related to pelvic-girdle symmetry. Adult sticklebacks with an asymmetrical pelvis had a higher incidence of infections than fish with a symmetrical pelvis, yet the pattern was reversed among yearlings. In the current study we test whether this unexpected result for yearlings, which is inconsistent with general theory coupling asymmetry with reduced immuno competence, might be due to ecological factors rather than to differences in immunocompetence. We analyze the diet of 9089 uninfected sticklebacks collected during a 15-year study and show that male and female yearling sticklebacks with an asymmetrical pelvis are more benthic than symmetrical phenotypes. This could reduce the probability of exposure to pelagic copepods, the primary hosts of the cestode Schistocephalus solidus, and thereby lead to lower infection rates relative to pelagic fish. This finding would account for the unusual reversal in relative parasitism in this population and raises the possibility of finding further diet-induced causes of differential parasitism in studies of asymmetry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".