Normal and abnormal structure of the ventriculo-arterial junctions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The normal heart possesses two ventriculo-arterial junctions – one for the aortic valve, and the other for the pulmonary valve. In the normal heart, these pulmonary and aortic roots are discrete and separate structures, the subpulmonary infundibulum being a free-standing muscular sleeve, separated by extracardiac space from the outflow tract of the left ventricle. When considering the congenital malformations that can distort these outflow tracts, it is conventional to categorise them as existing at subvalvar, valvar, and supravalvar levels. Such an approach, however, ignores the fact the valvar leaflets themselves extend through a significant length of the outflow tracts, with so-called supravalvar stenosis almost always involving the sinutubular junction, this being an integral part of the mechanism that normally ensures competent valvar closure. When considering the lesions that involve abnormally structured outflow tracts, these are best analysed by recognising the different features of the ventriculo-arterial junctions, namely the way the arterial trunks are joined to their underlying ventricles, the interrelationships of the trunks one to the other, and the arrangement of the supporting ventricular structures. In this review, we will show how knowledge of the arrangement of the normal junctions provides the necessary scaffold for logical analysis of all the lesions that can afflict the outflow tracts, be they otherwise normally or abnormally structured.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".