Drug Uptake Enhancement Using Sonodynamic Effects at 4 MHz—A Potential Application for Micro-Ultrasonic-Transducers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sonodynamic therapy is a cancer treatment method that uses macro scale ultrasound devices to enhance the cytotoxic efficacy of anticancer drugs, such as doxorubicin [1]. In this paper, unconventional, miniature ultrasound transducers (5 mm x 5 mm x 0.5 mm) were used to create a tone-burst ultrasound (4 MHz, 32 Watt/cm(2), 20% duty cycle, 50 ms burst period). It was found that the transducer significantly (p < 0.01) enhanced the immediate cells lysis when combining with doxorubicin (20 microM) in human prostate cancer cells (PC3). With a 30-s ultrasound exposure, the immediate cell lysis and long-term cytotoxicity were enhanced by 70% and 83%, respectively, compared to controls. We have demonstrated that ultrasound in combination with doxorubicin could strongly inhibit tumour cell proliferation in vitro at lower doses of the drug. This work is a first step towards a microelectromechanical system (MEMS)-based, implantable micro-ultrasonic transducers (MUTs) that could be used in sonodynamic therapy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".