Mosquito Larvicidal Potentiality of <i>Holoptelea integrifolia</i> Leaf Extract against Japanese Encephalitis Vector, <i>Culex vishnui</i> Group
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Vector control is facing a threat due to the emergence of resistance to synthetic insecticides. Insecticides of botanical origin may serve as suitable alternative in future. Holoptelea integrifolia distributed in many parts of India is a medicinal plant. During the present study, larval mortality of Culex vishuni group was observed after 24 h, 48 h and 72 h of exposure with five concentrations of crude extract (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5%) and four concentrations (100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm and 400 ppm) of acetone extract of leaf of the plant. Respective lethal concentrations were determined by log-probit analysis (at 95% confidence level). Effects of acetone extract of H. integrifolia leaves were tested against non-target predatory fishes and insect larvae. During the present study, the mortality rates of all larval instars at 0.5% concentration were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than at 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4% concentrations of crude leaf extract. Highest mortality was observed at 400 ppm concentration of acetone extract. Phytochemical analysis of crude extract revealed the presence of tannin, saponin, steroid and phenol as major bioactive secondary metabolites. No nontarget mortality was observed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".