New Two-Dimensional Solid State Pixel Detectors With Dedicated Front-End Integrated Circuits for X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Imaging
Bibliographic record
Abstract
New two-dimensional (2D) position sensitive solid state pixel detectors with dedicated multi-channel mixed-signal front-end readout integrated circuits (ICs) have been developed for x-ray and gamma ray imaging. These pixel detectors were designed to be versatile and accommodate many types of position-sensitive solid-state sensors. These 2D pixel detectors are designed to address the needs of a wide range of photon counting applications with high energy resolution imaging, high spatial resolution and for fast photon counting with simultaneous multiple energy binning capability. The first family of these pixel detectors is intended for spectroscopy applications with sensors such as Si, Ge, GaAs, HgI2, PbI2, Se, CdTe and CdZnTe in a variety of configurations to detect and image x-rays and gamma-rays of energies up to 1.3 MeV. The second family is developed for fast photon counting with simultaneous energy binning. They can be used with similar solid state sensors. The third family is for high spatial resolution imaging with resolution down to 50 times 50 micron.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".