Nonharmonic Injection-Locked Phase-Locked Loops With Applications in Remote Frequency Calibration of Passive Wireless Transponders
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper proposes a low-power remote frequency calibration method for passive UHF wireless transponders. The frequency of the local oscillator of passive UHF wireless transponders is adjusted to the desired values using an injection-locked phase-locked loop (IL-PLL). A new relaxation oscillator whose oscillation frequency is less sensitive to supply voltage fluctuation is proposed. The power consumption of the proposed IL-PLL is minimized by operating it the subthreshold. A detailed analysis of the nonharmonic injection locking of relaxation oscillators, including locking and pulling dynamics, is presented. A new integrating feedback is proposed to increase the lock range and hold the locked frequency in the absence of the injection signal. The proposed IL-PLL has been fabricated in TSMC 0.18- μm 1.8-V six-metal 1-poly CMOS technology. The performance of the IL-PLL is validated using both simulation and measurement results. The measured power consumption of the IL-PLL with a 10-mV (640-pW) 1-MHz injection signal is 960 nW. The lock range of the IL-PLL is 30 kHz without integrating feedback and 400 kHz with integrating feedback. The frequency of the locked oscillator drifts over time at a rate of 5 Hz/ms when the external injection signal is removed.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it