Biomarkers, Assays, and Therapies for Alzheimer Disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive function. In 2010, an estimated 36 million people worldwide had AD or a related dementia, with this number projected to double by 2030. The social and economic burden of AD is well documented and will be amplified by this increase in prevalence. The initial pathophysiologic changes of AD are found in the hippocampus region of the brain, disrupting memory and the ability to learn. AD progression is linked to nerve cell dysfunction and cell death due to the accumulation of 2 protein aggregates: β-amyloid (Aβ)5 and tau. In the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), these proteins are biomarkers for AD. Cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) generates varying lengths of Aβ peptides (38–43 amino acids) that accumulate in the extracellular space. Of these monomers, Aβ-42 is the major form associated with AD. In addition, tau entanglement is also associated with AD and consists of insoluble hyperphosphorylated tau protein in the intracellular space. Both total tau (t-tau) and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) proteins are measured and associated with AD. Currently, clinical trials are testing therapies that target these proteins in hopes to delay or halt the cognitive decline in AD patients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".