Evaluation of the Toxicity of Eugenol at Anesthetic Doses in African Clawed Frogs ( <i>Xenopus laevis</i> )
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Eugenol has been shown to induce anesthesia in African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). The toxicity of eugenol, administered at anesthetic doses, was evaluated in Xenopus frogs with an average body weight of 28.2 ± 13.7 g. Frogs were immersed in 250 mL of an aqueous solution containing 350 µl/L of eugenol for ten minutes and received a single administration (group 1, twelve animals) or three consecutive daily administrations (group 2, twelve animals). In each group, six frogs were scheduled to be euthanized the following day (subgroup A) and the other six were scheduled to be euthanized after a one-week recovery period (subgroup B). Morphologic changes consistent with renal tubular apoptosis affecting distal tubules in the medulla were observed in all subgroup A animals, ranging from mild to moderate in group 1, and from mild to severe in group 2. In subgroup B, renal tubular regeneration was present in all but one animal examined. These findings suggest that eugenol toxicity in amphibians is first manifested by renal tubular apoptosis. Other eugenol-related lesions were massive hepatic necrosis in group 2 (n = 6), hyaline membranes in the lung (n = 5), and adipose tissue hemorrhages in group/subgroup 2B (n = 4).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".