Results From Four Years Of Field Research With A C-band (6-cm) Field Microwave Scatterometer In Cultural- And Natural-vegetation Sites
Bibliographic record
Abstract
From 1984-88, we explored the potential uses of C-band active-microwave sensors by conducting field experiments with a boom-truck mounted C-band (4.75 GHz, 5.3 cm) scatterometer called the Microwave Scatterometer, C-band (MS-C). The experiments, all carried out in test sites in California, covered the following types of land cover ( and conditions): arid-land vegetation (different conditions from place to place and caused by fire or pruning), plum trees (different conditions caused by saline-water treatments and growth during a season), pygmy forests (differences in stand densities from place to place), rice (different conditions of emergent biomass from place to place), and walnuts (different conditions caused by different imgation rates and by growth during a season). The MS-C allows one to measure not only the total backscattering coefficient, denoted by (m2 m-z), of an object of investigation for each polarization combination, but also the distribution of the sources of backscattering with slant range (or height above the surface) in a thick vegetation canopy, denoted by the volumetric backscattering cross section, oV (m2 In some experiments, we cooperated with other investigative teams [e.g., the Earth Observing System (Eos) Synergism Team] to expand the measurements to other microwave frequencies. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of all of these measurement efforts as a whole. The overall purpose of this series of C-band scatterometer experiments was to increase the understanding of the potential uses of related synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagers such as the first European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS-I) SAR which will soon be in operation. Many future SAR imagers plan to use C-band (RADARSAT by Canada and the Eos SAR by the U.S.A.). Overall, we found that a consistent set of guidelines for the interpretation of the data set as a whole emerged. First, in many cases, we observed important effects of the angular orientation of stems (e.g., in trees) relative to the plane of polarization. Nearly vertical stems produced relative high magnitudes for the vertical-transmit, vertical-receive (VV) combination. Conversely. horizontal stems produced relatively high HH (horizontalhorizontal) magnitudes. We believe that the stem-angle effect arises from the orientation of those few stems in a canopy which are a right angles to the radar path. Representing the overall structure of the canopy, these effective broad-side'' scatrerers dominate the overall microwave power returned to the sensor. Second, to reduce the effects of stem orientation, we suggest using the average of the backscattering coefficients, 00~~ and @HH, for VV and HH [called the like-polarization (LK) magnitudes]. Third, as an index of stem-angle related canopy structure, we suggest using the normalized difference between 00 and 00~~. Fourth, to differentiate between a rough, surface scatterer and a volume scatterer (both capable of producing moderate levels of like polarization magnitudes), we recommend the use of the ratio of 00~~ and cf'LK,.where the subscript,
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".