Photoreceptor distribution in the retina of adult Pacific salmon: Corner cones express blue opsin
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The retina of salmonid fishes has two types of cone photoreceptors: single and double cones. At the nuclear level, these cones are distributed in a square mosaic such that the double cones form the sides of the square and the single cones occupy positions at the centre and at the corners of the square. Double cones consist of two members, one having visual pigment protein maximally sensitive to green light (RH2 opsin), the other maximally sensitive to red light (LWS opsin). Single cones can have opsins maximally sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) or blue light (SWS1 and SWS2 opsins, respectively). In Pacific salmonids, all single cones express UV opsin at hatching. Around the time of yolk sac absorption, single cones start switching opsin expression from UV to blue, in an event that proceeds from the ventral to the dorsal retina. This transformation is accompanied by a loss of single corner cones such that the large juvenile shows corner cones and UV opsin expression in the dorsal retina only. Previous research has shown that adult Pacific salmon have corner cones over large areas of retina suggesting that these cones may be regenerated and that they may express UV opsin. Here we used in-situ hybridization with cRNA probes and RT-PCR to show that: (1) all single cones in non-growth zone areas of the retina express blue opsin and (2) double cone opsin expression alternates around the square mosaic unit. Our results indicate that single cone driven UV sensitivity in adult salmon must emanate from stimulation of growth zone areas.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it