Comparison of Cu–Hg–Ni–Pb concentrations in soils adjacent to anthropogenic point sources: examples from four Canadian sites
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The extent and variation of Cu, Hg, Ni, and Pb loading in soil profiles (humus, B-horizon, C-horizon) were examined in the vicinity of four Canadian industrial sources of airborne metal particulates located in different ecozones and geological terrains: the Cu smelter at Rouyn-Noranda, Québec; the Cu-Zn smelter at Flin Flon, Manitoba; the Pb–Zn smelter at Trail, British Columbia; and the inactive Pinchi Lake Hg Mine, British Columbia. Three major controlling factors on the metal concentrations in soils have been assessed: (1) distance from the anthropogenic point source, (2) organic matter content, and (3) geology of the substrate. Distance from source largely controls smelter-related metal concentrations in humus, with concentrations decreasing with increasing distance according to specific parameters for each element and at each location. In the B-horizon, variations in organic matter content and substrate geology are important controls on metal concentrations, except in areas close to the source where sub-surface contamination was recognized for certain metals. The metal content of the C-horizon is predominantly determined by the nature and composition of the substrate. Variations in humus/C-horizon and B-horizon/C-horizon metal ratios are useful to help distinguish anthropogenic from natural sources of metal enrichments in soils.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.044 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it