Comparison of Cu–Hg–Ni–Pb concentrations in soils adjacent to anthropogenic point sources: examples from four Canadian sites
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The extent and variation of Cu, Hg, Ni, and Pb loading in soil profiles (humus, B-horizon, C-horizon) were examined in the vicinity of four Canadian industrial sources of airborne metal particulates located in different ecozones and geological terrains: the Cu smelter at Rouyn-Noranda, Québec; the Cu-Zn smelter at Flin Flon, Manitoba; the Pb–Zn smelter at Trail, British Columbia; and the inactive Pinchi Lake Hg Mine, British Columbia. Three major controlling factors on the metal concentrations in soils have been assessed: (1) distance from the anthropogenic point source, (2) organic matter content, and (3) geology of the substrate. Distance from source largely controls smelter-related metal concentrations in humus, with concentrations decreasing with increasing distance according to specific parameters for each element and at each location. In the B-horizon, variations in organic matter content and substrate geology are important controls on metal concentrations, except in areas close to the source where sub-surface contamination was recognized for certain metals. The metal content of the C-horizon is predominantly determined by the nature and composition of the substrate. Variations in humus/C-horizon and B-horizon/C-horizon metal ratios are useful to help distinguish anthropogenic from natural sources of metal enrichments in soils.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".