Bibliographic record
Abstract
P ART H E NOGE NET I C reproduction is very rare in Coleoptera, con- trary to many other orders of insects (cf.SZEKESSY, 1937).Most of the parthenogenetically reproducing species of beetles belong to the weevils, Curculionidae.Within this group parthenogenesis is comparatively common in the subfamilies Otiorrhgnchinae and Braclujderinae.In other families of Coleoptera, however, only a few parthenogenetically reproducing species are at present known.As bisexual as well as parthenogenetic species are found in many genera of the abovementioned curculionids, a study of their cytology affords an excellent opportunity of comparing the chromosomes in closely related bisexual and parthenogenetic species of animals.In the following pages a brief summary of some results of my studies concerning these matters will be given.The material used was collected in different parts of Finland.It was fixed in CARNOY'S fluid (6 : 3 : 1) and sectioned.The preparations were stained in HEIDENHAIN'S iron-hematoxylin or with the fuchsin sulphurous acid of FEULGEN.The drawings were made with the aid of an objective 120, ocular 25 and Abbe's camera lucida (all »Zeiss»}.The magnification is about 3000 X. I. THE BISEXUAL SPECIES.Since, as far as I am aware, nothing has been published about the cytology of true curculionids, I have also studied some bisexual species; they have as far as possible been selected from the same genera as the parthenogenetic species.The following results were obtained.Strophosomus capitatus (= Str.rufipes v. capitatus).-The diploid chromosome number of the species is 22.In the male there are 11 chromosome bodies of different size in the metaphase of the first meiotic division (Fig. 1).The smallest is the unpaired X-chromosome, but ten are bivalents.The X precedes the others in the anaphase.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".