Tracing the Diffusion of Internet in Malaysia: Then and Now
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Internet has brought about a huge change in the way we do things and on many aspects of our society. The advent of the Internet in Malaysia dates back to 1995, which was considered the beginning of the Internet age in Malaysia. The aim of this paper is to trace the diffusion of Internet in Malaysia until present. The growth in the number of Internet hosts in Malaysia began around 1996. The country's first search engine and web portal company was also founded that year. From the first Malaysian Internet survey conducted from October to November 1995 by MIMOS and Beta Interactive Services, one out of every thousand Malaysians had access to the Internet then (20,000 Internet users out of a population of 20 million). The National Public Policy Workshop (NPPW) in 2005 proposed tremendous changes towards a strategy to move forward the uptake of ICT and internet in Malaysia. Among the outcomes of the NPPW is the High Speed Broadband initiative which was launched in 2010. As of July 2012 internet users in Malaysia reached 25.3 million. Out of that number, there are 5 million broadband users, 2.5 million wireless broadband users and 10 million 3G subscribers. With access to the Internet been largely achieved, the next step would be to maximise the use of the Internet in achieving digital inclusion and gaining cultural capital.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".