Skull Foramina Asymmetry in East Greenland and Svalbard Polar Bears (<i>Ursus maritimus</i>) in Relation to Stressful Environments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of foramina as a measure of environmental stress was studied in polar bear (Ursus maritimus) skulls from East Greenland (n = 300, collected 1892–2004) and Svalbard (n = 388, collected 1950–2004). Levels of FA for each of the 11 traits used in the study were compared between sex/age groups (subadults, adult females, adult males), localities (East Greenland, Svalbard), and periods (≤ 1960 [prepollution] and > 1960, [pollution]) using general linear models (GLMs). The GLMs revealed that adult males had higher FA in two traits than other sex/age groups. Also, the Svalbard bears had higher FA in number of intracondylar foramina than had those from East Greenland, a trend corresponding well with skull differences found previously between the two subpopulations. No correlation was found between the bears' year of birth (n = 468) and FA or between levels of contaminants and FA (n = 65).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".