Tumor Necrosis Factor Reduces Brain Tumor Growth by Enhancing Macrophage Recruitment and Microcyst Formation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recent findings implicate macrophages and some of their secreted products, especially tumor necrosis factor (TNF), as tumor promoters. Inhibitors of these inflammatory components are currently regarded as potential therapeutic tools to block tumor progression. Here, we show that infiltrating macrophages represented a significant population of nonneoplastic cells within malignant gliomas, in which they were the exclusive producers of TNF. Contrary to the reported pro-oncogenic effects of TNF in other types of solid tumors, glioma-bearing mice deficient in TNF developed larger tumors and had reduced survival compared with their wild-type controls. Histologic examinations revealed that glioma volume was negatively correlated with the number of macrophages and small cavities called microcysts. Overall, our results support the concept that macrophages alter brain tumor development through a TNF-dependent process that culminates in the formation of microcysts. This raises the question of whether anti-inflammatory drugs, such as those commonly administrated to patients with brain cancer, could interfere with antitumor mechanisms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".