Inadvertent foreign body embolization in diagnostic and therapeutic cerebral angiography.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Inadvertent foreign body embolization is a rarely diagnosed and neglected complication of cerebral angiography that has not been studied systematically. METHODS: We undertook a comprehensive 5-year retrospective study of all available postmortem cases of postangiographic neurologic complications, as well as a comprehensive histologic examination of all surgically resected central nervous system arteriovenous malformations, at our institution. RESULTS: Among the autopsy series, we found 3 patients for whom cerebral infarction, sometimes catastrophic, is attributable to inadvertent cotton fiber, Gelfoam, or polyvinyl alcohol particulate emboli during cerebral angiography. All cases described had concurrent atherosclerotic vascular disease. Particulate embolization, which is usually cotton fiber, is present in as many as 25% of resected arteriovenous malformations: the risk of finding such emboli is in part dependent on a history of prior interventional (as opposed to diagnostic) angiographic procedures. It is not surprising that the amount of tissue examined also increases the risk of finding such emboli. CONCLUSIONS: Unintentional foreign body emboli remain common in modern angiographic practice and are probably underappreciated clinically. Although such emboli are usually asymptomatic, they can be clinically devastating, and a high index of suspicion is required for diagnosis. Foreign body emboli should be included in the differential diagnosis of postangiographic ischemia or infarction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.016 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".