Molecular Phylogeny of Selected Eurasian Podismine Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The grasshopper subfamily Melanoplinae, comprising a large number of genera and species, maintains a distribution throughout Eurasia and the New World. Despite various attempts to subdivide the subfamily, taxonomic assignments within the Melanoplinae remain unclear. However, the placement of Eurasian and related Nearctic genera within a separate tribe, Podismini, is a common feature within most proposed taxonomic schemes. The Podismini have been independently divided into two and four subtribes on the basis of cytogenetic and morphological traits, respectively; however, the two schemes differ with respect to the placement of certain genera. This study analyses sequence data obtained from portions of four mitochondrial genes (cyt b, COII, ND2, and COI) to (1) test the hypothesis that Eurasian podismines are monophyletic and (2) examine which, if any, of the proposed subtribal affiliations is correct. The view that the nominate genus, Podisma, represents a form closely related to the ancestral podismine stock was also examined. Parsimony, neighbor-joining, and likelihood tree construction methods demonstrate strong support for claims of Eurasian podismine monophyly. Application of the molecular clock method places the separation from North American melanoplines at ≈62 mya. Neither cytogenetic nor morphological subtribal assignations of genera within Podismini is supported by molecular data. Lastly, our analysis shows that Podisma, rather than occupying a basal position among the podismines as suggested in the literature, is a more recently evolved genus.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".