Deflection prediction for concrete bridges: analysis and field measurements on a long-span bridge
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Confederation Bridge connecting Prince Edward Island to the province of New Brunswick in Canada is currently monitored to study the deflections, the ice forces and the thermal and dynamic behaviour. This paper compares the monitored immediate and long-term deflections with analytical values. The research shows that deflections of concrete bridges built and prestressed in multi-stages can be predicted with reasonable accuracy by an analysis which accounts for creep and shrinkage of concrete and relaxation of prestressing steel and the variation of modulus of elasticity of concrete with ageing. The procedure of analysis is briefly reviewed. The material parameters required for the analysis are the elastic modulus, the creep coefficient and the free shrinkage of concrete and the relaxation of prestressing steel. Measured values of these parameters on samples taken from the materials used in construction of the Confederation Bridge are compared with values predicted by equations given by the CEB-FIP Model Code 1990 and by the ACI Committee 209. The analysis results for deflections agree better with monitored values when using measured properties of the actual materials used in construction, as opposed to the use of parameters recommended by codes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".