The effects of the smut fungus <i>Microbotryum bistortarum</i> on survival and growth of <i>Polygonum viviparum</i> in Svalbard, Norway
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effect of the smut fungus Microbotryum bistortarum (de Candolle) K. Vánky on Polygonum viviparum L. was investigated in the High Arctic region, Svalbard, Norway, from 2000 to 2004. Ninety-two plants in a field plot were monitored for disease occurrence, plant survival, and plant growth. The disease, initially identified in 20 plants, only spread to one additional plant in 4 years. Once infected, the plants remained infected. Although a few of the 71 uninfected plants disappeared or died without any apparent signs of disease, the majority remained healthy without smut throughout the study. The percent survival among smut-infected plants was significantly lower than that of healthy plants in 2004 (P < 0.001). The number of bulbils, the number of flowers, and the size of the largest leaves of smut-infected plants were significantly lower than those of healthy plants. These results suggest infection by M. bistortarum can negatively impact populations of P. viviparum in the High Arctic region by lowering plant growth and longevity. Teliospore surface characteristics and germination patterns of the High Arctic specimens of M. bistortarum were also documented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".