Microhabitat Use and Orientation to Water Flow Direction by Tadpoles of the Leptodactylid Frog Thoropa miliaris in Southeastern Brazil
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Frog larvae develop in a wide array of microhabitats including permanent and nonpermanent ponds, rivers, lakes, tank bromeliads, and other water reservoirs (Duellman and Trueb, 1994). A unique form of development and microhabitat specialization occurs in tadpoles of leptodactylid frogs of the genus Thoropa: tadpoles live in the film of water on rock surfaces at the wet borders of waterfalls in rain-forest areas, and in rocky fields of mountain ranges of southeastern Brazil (Bokermann, 1965; Caramaschi and Sazima 1984; Cocroft and Heyer, 1988). The tadpoles of this genus have an elongated, dorsoventrally compressed body, reduced fins, an expanded and flattened abdomen with an adherent ventral disk, and a long muscular tail, which, together with the labium, are used for movement and adhesion to the substrate (Bokermann, 1965; Wassersug and Heyer, 1983). Thoropa miliaris (Spix, 1824) occurs near freshwater bodies along the Atlantic rain forest of the states of Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Minas Gerais, and Espirito Santo in southeastern Brazil (Cocroft and Heyer, 1988) and also on rocky marine shores (Abe and Bicudo, 1991). Information available on microhabitat use by tadpoles of this species is restricted to general notes reporting the use of a very shallow film of current water on rock surfaces at the side of waterfalls with varying slopes, including vertical. These reports suggest that the tadpoles tend to remain with the head oriented against the water flow when adhered to the rock surface (Bokermann, 1965; Abe and Bicudo, 1991). However, there is no quantitative description of microhabitat use by this species. In this study, we analyze microhabitat use by T miliaris tadpoles to address the following questions. Do tadpoles orient randomly or selectively in relation to water flow? Do tadpoles tend to remain at the shallowest sites or use the available film of water indiscriminately? Do tadpoles occupy some slopes available on the waterfall surface more than others? Does water temperature where tadpoles occur differ from that of the main drainage of the waterfalls nearby?
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".