Induction of Vitellogenin and Histological Effects in Wild Fathead Minnows from a Lake Experimentally Treated with the Synthetic Estrogen, Ethynylestradiol
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Potential effects of exposure to contaminants with estrogenic activity are currently being examined in fish from a lake experimentally treated with the synthetic estrogen, ethynylestradiol (EE2). EE2 was added to Lake 260, a small Precambrian shield lake in the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA) of northwestern Ontario, from late May to October 2001. Concentrations of EE2 in epilimnetic waters ranged between 4.0 and 8.1 ng/L, with a mean (±SD) of 6.0 ± 2.8 ng/L. Male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) captured from Lake 260 after EE2 additions began contained 9000-fold higher concentrations of the egg yolk precursor vitellogenin (VTG), than were detected in fish captured from the same lake prior to the EE2 additions, or when compared to fatheads from reference lakes during the same sample period. VTG in females was induced 8- to 80-fold and was sustained beyond the normal window of vitellogenesis in Lake 260. Histological examination of tissues from EE2-exposed male fatheads in Lake 260 showed widespread fibrosis and inhibition of testicular development. Enlargement of liver cells, edema in the interstitium between kidney tubules, and eosinophilic deposits in the kidney tubule lumen were also evident in male fatheads from Lake 260. Further studies will examine the relationships between biochemical and histological alterations and population level effects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".