Induction of Vitellogenin and Histological Effects in Wild Fathead Minnows from a Lake Experimentally Treated with the Synthetic Estrogen, Ethynylestradiol
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Potential effects of exposure to contaminants with estrogenic activity are currently being examined in fish from a lake experimentally treated with the synthetic estrogen, ethynylestradiol (EE2). EE2 was added to Lake 260, a small Precambrian shield lake in the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA) of northwestern Ontario, from late May to October 2001. Concentrations of EE2 in epilimnetic waters ranged between 4.0 and 8.1 ng/L, with a mean (±SD) of 6.0 ± 2.8 ng/L. Male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) captured from Lake 260 after EE2 additions began contained 9000-fold higher concentrations of the egg yolk precursor vitellogenin (VTG), than were detected in fish captured from the same lake prior to the EE2 additions, or when compared to fatheads from reference lakes during the same sample period. VTG in females was induced 8- to 80-fold and was sustained beyond the normal window of vitellogenesis in Lake 260. Histological examination of tissues from EE2-exposed male fatheads in Lake 260 showed widespread fibrosis and inhibition of testicular development. Enlargement of liver cells, edema in the interstitium between kidney tubules, and eosinophilic deposits in the kidney tubule lumen were also evident in male fatheads from Lake 260. Further studies will examine the relationships between biochemical and histological alterations and population level effects.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it