Influence of O <sub>2</sub> -enriched intake air with CO <sub>2</sub> dilution on the combustion process of an optically accessible spark-ignition engine
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Oxygen-enriched air combustion has been extensively studied, but not for internal-combustion engines. This paper presents how oxygen-enriched intake air influences early flame growth and the combustion process, and looks at how oxygen (O 2 ) enrichment translates into resistance to carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) dilution. The experiments were conducted with an optical single-cylinder engine instrumented with an in-cylinder pressure transducer and a high-speed camera to monitor early flame growth. During the experiments, O 2 concentrations were varied from 18% to 29%, while CO 2 was varied from 0% to 35%. The main findings are that O 2 addition speeds up the combustion process and renders the flame more resistant to CO 2 dilution. It was observed that the amount of CO 2 can be significantly increased to reduce the combustion process to a level similar to that with air. Finally, laminar flame speed correlated well with early flame growth and fully developed turbulent combustion periods.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it