Influence of O <sub>2</sub> -enriched intake air with CO <sub>2</sub> dilution on the combustion process of an optically accessible spark-ignition engine
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Oxygen-enriched air combustion has been extensively studied, but not for internal-combustion engines. This paper presents how oxygen-enriched intake air influences early flame growth and the combustion process, and looks at how oxygen (O 2 ) enrichment translates into resistance to carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) dilution. The experiments were conducted with an optical single-cylinder engine instrumented with an in-cylinder pressure transducer and a high-speed camera to monitor early flame growth. During the experiments, O 2 concentrations were varied from 18% to 29%, while CO 2 was varied from 0% to 35%. The main findings are that O 2 addition speeds up the combustion process and renders the flame more resistant to CO 2 dilution. It was observed that the amount of CO 2 can be significantly increased to reduce the combustion process to a level similar to that with air. Finally, laminar flame speed correlated well with early flame growth and fully developed turbulent combustion periods.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".